Melasma: What It Is, Causes, Myths and Treatments

Melasma is one of the most common skin conditions and, at the same time, one of the most challenging to treat. It affects millions of people worldwide, mainly women, and appears as brownish or grayish patches that develop mostly on the face. Although it poses no risk to physical health, its emotional and aesthetic impact can be significant.

In this article, we bring together the most relevant information about melasma: its causes, aggravating factors, common myths, and the latest advances in treatment.

What is melasma?

Melasma is a skin pigmentation disorder characterized by a localized increase in the production of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. The dark patches are usually symmetrical and appear in areas exposed to the sun, such as:

• Forehead

• Cheeks

• Nose

• Upper lip

• Chin

In some cases, it can also appear on the neck, arms, or other areas more exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Who is more likely to develop melasma?

Melasma is more common in:

• Women between the ages of 20 and 50, especially during periods of hormonal changes (pregnancy, use of contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy).

• People with medium to dark skin tones (darker or olive skin).

• Individuals with a family history of skin pigmentation disorders.

Main Causes and Aggravating Factors

Melasma does not have a single cause. It results from the interaction between internal and external factors:

• Sun exposure – Ultraviolet radiation is the main trigger and also the most significant aggravating factor.

• Hormones – Hormonal changes can stimulate melanin production, explaining the high frequency of melasma during pregnancy (known as “chloasma” or “pregnancy mask”).

• Genetic predisposition – Having family members with melasma considerably increases the likelihood of developing the condition.

• Visible light and heat – In addition to UV rays, even screen light or excessive heat can worsen pigmentation.

• Irritative factors – Inappropriate cosmetics, hair removal, or skin friction may aggravate the condition.

Myths About Melasma

Although common, melasma is still surrounded by many misconceptions:

❌ “If I undergo a good treatment, melasma will disappear forever” → Melasma is a chronic condition: it can be controlled, but requires ongoing maintenance.

❌ “Only people who spend time in the sun get melasma” → Sun exposure is the main factor, but hormonal changes and genetics also play an important role.

❌ “Sunscreen alone is enough to prevent it” → Sunscreen is essential, but its use must be consistent and rigorous, and it should be combined with hats, sunglasses, and proper skincare routines.

Advances in Treatment

Although there is no definitive cure, advances in dermatology and aesthetic medicine have made increasingly effective results possible. Treatment options include:

• Depigmenting agents: such as hydroquinone, tranexamic acid, kojic acid, and retinoids, which help even out skin tone.

• Chemical peels: promote cell renewal and gradual skin lightening.

• Laser and intense pulsed light (IPL): technologies that selectively target melanin, with modern protocols designed for greater safety.

• Brightening mesotherapy: direct delivery of depigmenting substances into the skin.

• Combination therapies: using different techniques together has shown more lasting and consistent results.

Prevention: the most important step

Managing melasma is possible, but it requires discipline. Some essential measures include:

• Daily use of broad-spectrum sunscreen, even on cloudy days or indoors.

• Choosing sunscreens that also protect against visible light and infrared radiation.

• Reapplying sunscreen every 2–3 hours when outdoors.

• Avoiding sun exposure during peak hours of intensity.

• Using wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses as additional protection.

Melasma is not just a cosmetic issue: it is a condition that can affect self-esteem and quality of life. The good news is that today there are effective strategies to control it and significantly improve the skin’s appearance. With accurate information, proper prevention, and professional guidance, it is possible to live with melasma more confidently and with satisfying results. Book a consultation at Clínica Luxmed and receive a safe and effective personalized treatment plan.